Readmission rates by the overall level of dynamic intervention are presented in Table As expected, offenders identified with a higher level of dynamic intervention were significantly more likely to be readmitted than those with a lower dynamic intervention rating. Note: The relationship between the dynamic intervention rating and readmission was statistically significant for all three groups. The corresponding test statistic results are presented in the text. As expected, offenders who received higher dynamic factor ratings were significantly more likely to be readmitted than those who received lower dynamic factor ratings.
This general finding was consistent for men, women and Aboriginal offenders. For example, while This result is counterintuitive in that individuals rated 'some difficulty' should evidence a greater likelihood of failure than individuals rated 'no difficulty'. Table 16 displays the percentage of positively endorsed indicators indicators rated 'yes' for each release cohort men, women, Aboriginal. It is important to note that the results have been disaggregated by gender and Aboriginal status for descriptive purposes only. More specifically, the purpose of this phase of the analysis was not to conduct a comparative examination of the differences between groups.
Rather, the purpose was to flag indicators with exceedingly low or high endorsement rates. Exceedingly uneven distributions within a dichotomous variable e. Consequently, further comparative analyses were not conducted. Also noteworthy was that three additional indicators i. Note: The endorsement rates for indicators were rendered non-applicable for those cases identified as having no employment history indicator The purpose of this analysis was to determine which indicators appeared to be driving the employment domain factor rating.
As Table 17 illustrates, the majority of the indicators were significantly correlated with the employment rating for all three release cohorts. The unemployment related indicators e. Interestingly, this trend was observed for men, women and Aboriginal offenders, although, only one indicator for the women offender release cohort exceeded. Table Correlations between Employment Indicators and Rating.
Correlation coefficients for indicators were rendered non-applicable for those cases identified as having no employment history indicator The Pearson r correlations between each indicator and readmission are presented in Table 18 for men, women and Aboriginal offenders separately. Although most indicators were significantly correlated with readmission, the magnitude of r was quite small i. Moreover, all of the remaining unemployment related indicators were moderately predictive of readmission r 's between.
Lastly, 'concentration problems' and 'learning difficulties' were moderately predictive of readmission among the women offender release cohort. Table Correlations between Employment Indicators and Readmission. A series of stepwise regression analyses were conducted to allow the employment indicators to compete simultaneously for unique variance in outcome.
First, three separate stepwise regression analyses were conducted for each release cohort. As Table 19 indicates, a pattern of unemployment or unstable job history accounted for the majority of the variance for all three groups.
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Interestingly, 'lacks grade 10' only entered the final equation for the women offender release cohort. These analyses once again revealed that unemployment-related indicators e. SE B Partial r 2 Step 1. Only six indicators produced endorsement rates that were exceedingly low across all three release cohorts. Further, all the indicators with low endorsement rates were concentrated in the parenting skills and intervention sub-components.
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For a complete overview see Table Note: The endorsement rates for indicators were rendered non-applicable for those cases identified as having no relationship history indicator Similarly, indicators were rendered non-applicable for those cases with no dependents. Interestingly, for the men offenders, only three indicators i. In contrast, no indicators exceeded. Correlation coefficients for indicators were rendered non-applicable for those cases identified as having no relationship history indicator The Pearson r correlations between each indicator and readmission are presented in Table In sum, several indicators e.
Three separate stepwise regression analyses were conducted for each release cohort. As Table 23 indicates, the top three predictor variables for men were: 'parents relationship dysfunctional during childhood', 'family members involved in crime' and 'currently single'. For women, three indicators also entered the final equation: 'unable to handle parenting responsibilities', 'has no parenting responsibilities' and 'family members involved in crime'. In contrast, this indicator was completely unrelated to readmission for Aboriginal offenders and was only mildly related to outcome for men.
Only two indicators, 'arrested for incest' and 'childhood lacked family ties', contributed unique variance in explained outcome among the Aboriginal release cohort. It is important to note, however, that 'arrested for incest' was negatively related to outcome as indicated by the negative Beta value. Supplementary regression analyses were also conducted on the sub-set of indicators affected by the default system.
Interestingly, none of the six marital quality indicators entered the final model for men. Lastly, 'arrested for incest' emerged as a significant and negative predictor of readmission for Aboriginal offenders. The endorsement rates for the associate indicators are presented in Table For example, only 6. The following three indicators were strongly related to the overall associate domain rating: 'associates with substance abusers', 'has many criminal acquaintances', and 'has mostly criminal friends'. The results were consistent across all three release cohorts.
Table Correlations between Associates Indicators and Rating. Interestingly, the same pattern of results emerged in regards to which indicators were most predictive of readmission. Once again, 'associates with substance abusers', 'has many criminal acquaintances', and 'has mostly criminal friends' were strongly related to readmission for all three groups while 'unattached to community groups' and 'resides in a criminogenic neighbourhood' demonstrated a moderate relationship with readmission. Once again, the trends were consistent for men, women and Aboriginal offenders. See Table 26 for a complete overview.
Table Correlations between Associates Indicators and Readmission. As Table 27 indicates, 'associates with substance abusers' and 'has mostly criminal friends' were uniquely and significantly related to readmission for both men and women. Interestingly, while 'associates with substance abusers' did not emerge as a significant predictor among the Aboriginal release cohort, 'has mostly criminal friends' and 'has many criminal acquaintances' did. It is possible that 'associates with substance abusers' did not emerge as a significant predictor due to restricted variance i.
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Nonetheless, the stepwise regression results confirm the univariate results that associating with criminal associates, criminal friends and known substance abusers increases the likelihood of readmission regardless of gender or Aboriginal status. Table Associates Domain: Regression Analyses.
Overall, the endorsement rates were high, ranging between This finding was consistent across all three release cohorts, although there was a tendency for the Aboriginal offender release cohort to evidence higher endorsement rates in comparison to the women and the men see Table N ote: The endorsement rates for indicators were rendered non-applicable for those cases scored 'no' for 'abuses alcohol' indicator 1.
In addition, the reported endorsement rates for indicators were rendered non-applicable for those cases scored 'no' for 'abuses drugs' indicator Once again, this finding remained true for all release cohorts. Only 13 indicators for the Aboriginal release cohort evidenced correlations below. It is likely the slightly deflated magnitude is attributable to high endorsement rates among the Aboriginal release cohort.
As Table 30 illustrates, several indicators were either strongly or moderately correlated with readmission for all three release cohorts.
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For example, three indicators were strongly related to readmission among the male release cohort and six indicators were strongly related to readmission among the women offender cohort. Interestingly, no indicators exceeded.
Lastly, 12 indicators were moderately related to readmission for both men and women, while only six indicators were moderately related to readmission for the Aboriginal release cohort. The fact that fewer indicators within the Aboriginal release cohort were significantly related to readmission is most likely attributable to restricted variance i. The correlation coefficients for indicators were rendered non-applicable for those cases rated 'no' for 'abuses alcohol' indicator 1. In addition, the reported correlation coefficients for indicators were rendered non-applicable for those cases rated 'no' for 'abuses drugs' indicator Once again three separate stepwise regression analyses were conducted for each release cohort.
Thus, only those indicators that met both criteria were included in the final model. As Table 31 indicates, drug use, specifically 'early drug use' and 'drug sprees', were the strongest unique predictors of readmissions for all three release cohorts. Interestingly, previous substance abuse assessment and treatment were also uniquely related to readmission for both men and women but not so for the Aboriginal release cohort.
Supplementary regression analyses were also conducted on the subset of alcohol and drug default indicators.
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These analyses once again revealed that early drug use and drug-sprees were the strongest unique predictors of readmission for men, women and Aboriginal offenders. When the analysis was restricted to the alcohol default indicators, 'combined alcohol and drug use' was the only indicator that emerged as a significant unique predictor across all three groups. The only additional indicator that emerged as a significant predictor during the supplementary regression analyses was 'alcohol use interferes with employment', but this finding was restricted to the women offender cohort.
Thus, it would appear that drug abuse is a relatively stronger predictor of readmission than alcohol abuse. Interestingly, nine of the 21 community functioning indicators demonstrated exceedingly low endorsement rates i.