Marys River , Lake Huron , St. Clair River , Lake St. Lawrence River from Kingston , to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall. Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario.
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The great majority of Ontario's population and arable land is in the south. In contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation. Despite the absence of any mountainous terrain in the province, there are large areas of uplands, particularly within the Canadian Shield which traverses the province from northwest to southeast and also above the Niagara Escarpment which crosses the south. The Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. The temperate and fertile Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence Valley in the south is part of the Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests ecoregion where the forest has now been largely replaced by agriculture, industrial and urban development.
A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls , part of the Niagara Escarpment. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario near Windsor and Detroit, Michigan that is the southernmost extent of Canada's mainland.
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Ontario's climate varies by season and location. In the northeastern parts of Ontario, extending south as far as Kirkland Lake , the cold waters of Hudson Bay depress summer temperatures, making it cooler than other locations at similar latitudes. The same is true on the northern shore of Lake Superior , which cools hot humid air from the south, leading to cooler summer temperatures. Severe thunderstorms peak in summer. Windsor , in Southern Southwestern Ontario, has the most lightning strikes per year in Canada, averaging 33 days of thunderstorm activity per year.
However, over the last 4 years, [ when? Ontario had a record 29 tornadoes in both and Tropical depression remnants occasionally bring heavy rains and winds in the south, but are rarely deadly. Samuel de Champlain reached Lake Huron in , and French missionaries began to establish posts along the Great Lakes. French settlement was hampered by their hostilities with the Iroquois, who allied themselves with the British. The remaining Huron settled north of Quebec. The British established trading posts on Hudson Bay in the late 17th century and began a struggle for domination of Ontario with the French.
The British annexed the Ontario region to Quebec in The first European settlements were in — when 5, American loyalists entered what is now Ontario following the American Revolution. The Mississaugas, displaced by European settlements, would later move to Six Nations also. The population of Canada west of the St. Lawrence-Ottawa River confluence substantially increased during this period, a fact recognized by the Constitutional Act of , which split Quebec into the Canadas : Upper Canada southwest of the St.
Lawrence-Ottawa River confluence, and Lower Canada east of it. American troops in the War of invaded Upper Canada across the Niagara River and the Detroit River , but were defeated and pushed back by the British, Canadian fencibles and militias, and First Nations warriors. The Americans looted the town and burned the Upper Canada Parliament Buildings during their brief occupation.
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The British would burn the American capital of Washington, D. After the War of , relative stability allowed for increasing numbers of immigrants to arrive from Europe rather than from the United States. As was the case in the previous decades, this immigration shift was encouraged by the colonial leaders.
Despite affordable and often free land, many arriving newcomers, mostly from Britain and Ireland, found frontier life with the harsh climate difficult, and some of those with the means eventually returned home or went south. However, population growth far exceeded emigration in the following decades. It was a mostly agrarian-based society, but canal projects and a new network of plank roads spurred greater trade within the colony and with the United States, thereby improving previously damaged relations over time.
Meanwhile, Ontario's numerous waterways aided travel and transportation into the interior and supplied water power for development. As the population increased, so did the industries and transportation networks, which in turn led to further development. By the end of the century, Ontario vied with Quebec as the nation's leader in terms of growth in population, industry, arts and communications. Unrest in the colony began to chafe against the aristocratic Family Compact who governed while benefiting economically from the region's resources, and who did not allow elected bodies power.
This resentment spurred republican ideals and sowed the seeds for early Canadian nationalism. In Upper Canada , the rebellion was quickly a failure. Although both rebellions were put down in short order, the British government sent Lord Durham to investigate the causes. He recommended self-government be granted and Lower and Upper Canada be re-joined in an attempt to assimilate the French Canadians.
Accordingly, the two colonies were merged into the Province of Canada by the Act of Union , with the capital at Kingston , and Upper Canada becoming known as Canada West. There were heavy waves of immigration in the s, and the population of Canada West more than doubled by over the previous decade. As a result, for the first time, the English-speaking population of Canada West surpassed the French-speaking population of Canada East , tilting the representative balance of power.
An economic boom in the s coincided with railway expansion across the province, further increasing the economic strength of Central Canada. With the repeal of the Corn Laws and a reciprocity agreement in place with the United States, various industries such as timber, mining, farming and alcohol distilling benefited tremendously. A political stalemate between the French - and English -speaking legislators, as well as fear of aggression from the United States during and immediately after the American Civil War , led the political elite to hold a series of conferences in the s to effect a broader federal union of all British North American colonies.
The Province of Canada was divided into Ontario and Quebec so that each linguistic group would have its own province. Both Quebec and Ontario were required by section 93 of the British North America Act to safeguard existing educational rights and privileges of Protestant and the Catholic minority. Thus, separate Catholic schools and school boards were permitted in Ontario. However, neither province had a constitutional requirement to protect its French- or English-speaking minority.
Toronto was formally established as Ontario's provincial capital.
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Once constituted as a province, Ontario proceeded to assert its economic and legislative power. In , the lawyer Oliver Mowat became Premier of Ontario and remained as premier until He fought for provincial rights, weakening the power of the federal government in provincial matters, usually through well-argued appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. His battles with the federal government greatly decentralized Canada, giving the provinces far more power than John A. Macdonald had intended.
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He consolidated and expanded Ontario's educational and provincial institutions, created districts in Northern Ontario, and fought to ensure that those parts of Northwestern Ontario not historically part of Upper Canada the vast areas north and west of the Lake Superior-Hudson Bay watershed, known as the District of Keewatin would become part of Ontario, a victory embodied in the Canada Ontario Boundary Act, He also presided over the emergence of the province into the economic powerhouse of Canada.
Mowat was the creator of what is often called Empire Ontario. Beginning with Sir John A. However, population increase slowed after a large recession hit the province in , thus slowing growth drastically but for only a few years. Many newly arrived immigrants and others moved west along the railway to the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia, sparsely settling Northern Ontario.
Mineral exploitation accelerated in the late 19th century, leading to the rise of important mining centres in the northeast, such as Sudbury , Cobalt and Timmins. The province harnessed its water power to generate hydro-electric power and created the state-controlled Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, later Ontario Hydro. The availability of cheap electric power further facilitated the development of industry. The motor vehicle industry became the most lucrative industry for the Ontario economy during the 20th century.
In July , the Conservative government of Sir James Whitney issued Regulation 17 which severely limited the availability of French-language schooling to the province's French-speaking minority. French Canadians reacted with outrage, journalist Henri Bourassa denouncing the "Prussians of Ontario". The regulation was eventually repealed in Influenced by events in the United States, the government of Sir William Hearst introduced prohibition of alcoholic drinks in with the passing of the Ontario Temperance Act.
However, residents could distil and retain their own personal supply, and liquor producers could continue distillation and export for sale, allowing this already sizeable industry to strengthen further.
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Ontario became a hotbed for the illegal smuggling of liquor and the biggest supplier into the United States, which was under complete prohibition. Prohibition in Ontario came to an end in with the establishment of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario under the government of Howard Ferguson.
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The sale and consumption of liquor, wine, and beer are still controlled by some of the most extreme laws in North America to ensure strict community standards and revenue generation from the alcohol retail monopoly are upheld. The post- World War II period was one of exceptional prosperity and growth. Ontario has been the recipients of most immigration to Canada, largely immigrants from war-torn Europe in the s and s and following changes in federal immigration law , a massive influx of non-Europeans since the s.
From a largely ethnically British province, Ontario has rapidly become culturally very diverse. Ontario's official language is English, although there exists a number of French-speaking communities across Ontario. Until , most of Ontario was considered part of New France by French claim. Rupert's Land , defined as the drainage basin of Hudson Bay , was claimed by Britain, and included much of today's Northern Ontario.
The British defeated the armies of the French colony and its indigenous allies in the French and Indian War , part of the Seven Years' War global conflict. Concluding the war, the peace treaty between the European powers, known as the Treaty of Paris , assigned almost all of France's possessions in North America to Britain, including parts that would later become Ontario not already part of Rupert's Land.