There are gay people out where I live but they don't want to be found…for example, when you get on dating apps you'll see them kind of around you within like 15 or mile radius, but they won't have face pictures, won't have text in their profiles…they don't want any type of relationship, they just want sex. Acknowledgment The research results discussed in this publication were made possible, in total or part, by funding through an award Project no.
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Edited by A. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, , pp. Sexual behaviors, sexual health practices, and community engagement among gay and bisexually identified men living in rural areas of the United States. Indeed, such interventions are ethically suspect because they can be harmful to the psychological well-being of those who attempt them; clinical observations and self-reports indicate that many individuals who unsuccessfully attempt to change their sexual orientation experience considerable psychological distress.
For these reasons, no major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation.
SOCE have been controversial due to tensions between the values held by some right-wing faith-based organizations, on the one hand, and those held by LGBT rights organizations, human rights and civil rights organizations, and other faith-based organizations, as well as professional and scientific organizations, on the other. Some individuals and groups have, contrary to global scientific research and consensus, promoted the idea of homosexuality as symptomatic of developmental defects or spiritual and moral failings and have argued that SOCE, including psychotherapy and religious efforts, could alter homosexual feelings and behaviors.
Medical attempts to change homosexuality included surgical treatments such as hysterectomy , [11] ovariectomy , [12] clitoridectomy , [11] castration , [13] [14] vasectomy , [15] pudic nerve surgery, [16] and lobotomy. Richard von Krafft-Ebing was a German-Austrian psychiatrist and one of the founders of scientific sexology. His first systematic work on sexual pathology was published in in a German psychiatric journal.
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His influential work, Psychopathia Sexualis was published in Numerous expanded German editions followed, and it was widely translated. Krafft-Ebing became a proponent of the sickness model of homosexuality. Krafft-Ebing believed that hypnosis was therefore the "only means of salvation" [37] in most cases. He stated that he knew of only a single case in which self-hypnosis had proven successful, and that hypnotic suggestion by another person was usually necessary to change homosexuality. Krafft-Ebing wrote about this method that " He rejected castration as a cure for homosexuality, and the internment of gay people in asylums, except in cases involving sex crimes.
Krafft-Ebing cautioned that the success or failure of treatments for homosexuality proved nothing about its causes. He defended the right of patients to receive such treatment. Krafft-Ebing criticised several objections to medical treatment of homosexuality, including the charges that it was ineffective and that it gave an opportunity "to tainted individuals to propagate their perversions".
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In the last two decades of the 19th century, a different view began to predominate in medical and psychiatric circles, judging such behavior as indicative of a type of person with a defined and relatively stable sexual orientation. In the late 19th and 20th centuries, pathological models of homosexuality were standard. In , the World Health Organization replaced its categorization of homosexuality as a mental illness with the diagnosis of ego-dystonic homosexuality.
At that time APA stressed that removing homosexuality from the list of psychiatric disorders does not mean it is "normal" or as valuable as heterosexuality. They also stated that modern methods of treatment allow interested homosexuals to change their sexual orientation with a significant degree of success. No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation.
Christian right political groups have marketed sexual orientation change directly to consumers. A majority of people who attempt to change their sexual orientation come from conservative religious backgrounds. Many people may seek to change their sexual orientation as a way to avoid behaviors which they perceive as being associated with homosexuality, [46] such as non-monogamy. An article in the American Medical Association 's Journal of Ethics argues that clinicians who care for adolescents face a "common challenge" of parents seeking interventions to change the sexual orientation of their teenage children.
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The article states that adolescents are increasingly comfortable in revealing their same-sex attraction to their parents because of the "generational shift in views of sexual orientation" due in part to increasing acceptance of LGBT rights and same-sex marriage. An APA task force found that people often sought out SOCE due to a a lack of other sources of social support; b a desire for active coping and c access to methods of sexual orientation identity exploration and reconstruction.
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These pressures may lead people to feel forced into attempting to change their sexual orientation. Types of behavior therapy used to change sexual orientation include aversion therapy , covert sensitization and systematic desensitization. A series of experiments appeared promising, and the practice became popular, but when reports were shown to be flawed, it fell out of favour. Bioenergetics is a therapeutic technique developed by Alexander Lowen and John Pierrakos , who were students of Wilhelm Reich.